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Women in Islam
Women in Islam are guided by primary Islamic sources of personal law, namely the Quran and hadiths, as well as secondary sources such as the ijma, qiyas, ijtihad in form such as fatwas; the secondary sources vary with various sects of Islam and schools of jurisprudence (madhhab).〔Motahhari, Morteza (1983). Jurisprudence and Its Principles, translator:Salman Tawhidi, ISBN 0-940368-28-5.〕〔Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Islamic Text Society, 1991. ISBN 0-946621-24-1〕 In certain regions, in addition to religious guidelines, pre-Islamic cultural traditions play a role.〔Haddad and Esposito, (1998), Islam, Gender, and Social Change, Oxford University Press, .〕 Islamic laws and cultural customs impact various stages of a Muslim women's life, including her education, employment opportunities, rights to inheritance, dress, age of marriage, freedom to consent to marriage, marriage contract, mahr, permissibility of birth control, divorce, sex outside or before marriage, her ability to receive justice in case of sex crimes, property rights independent of her husband, and when ''salat'' (prayers) are mandatory for her.〔Priscilla Offenhauer, (WOMEN IN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES: A SELECTED REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ), Library of Congress, Washington DC (2005)〕〔Joseph Schacht, ''An Introduction to Islamic Law'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973)〕〔 Polygyny is allowed to men under Islam, but not widespread; in some Islamic countries, such as Iran, a woman's husband may enter into temporary marriages in addition to permanent marriage.〔(Shari'ah, see section on family law (polygamy) ) Encyclopedia Britannica (2012)〕〔Elizabeth Fernea (1985), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, University of Texas Press, ISBN 978-0292755291, pages 258-269〕〔''Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America'' (Keller ''et al'', Indiana University Press), .〕 There is debate and controversy on gender roles according to Islam.〔〔Dunn, S., & Kellison, R. B. (2010). "At the Intersection of Scripture and Law: Qur'an 4: 34 and Violence against Women". ''Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion'', 26(2), .〕
Sharia provides for complementarianism, differences between women's and men's roles, rights, and obligations. Being a Muslim is more than a religious identity; Islam outlines and structures ways in which Muslim women should live their lives on a day-to-day basis. In majority Muslim countries women exercise varying degrees of their religious rights with regards to marriage, divorce, legal status, dress code, and education based on different interpretations. Scholars and other commentators vary as to whether they are just and whether they are a correct interpretation of religious imperatives.
== Sources of influence ==
There are four sources of influence under Islam for Muslim women. The first two, the Quran and Hadiths, are considered primary sources, while the other two are secondary and derived sources that differ between various Muslim sects and schools of Islamic jurisprudence. The secondary sources of influence include ''ijma'', ''qiyas'' and, in forms such as ''fatwa'', ''ijtihad''.〔〔 All about the women rights,problems is written in Encyclopedia of ladies.
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